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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gleitender Mittelwert</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>gleitende Durchschnitt</b> (auch <b>gleitender Mittelwert</b>) ist eine Methode zur <a href="Gl%C3%A4tten_(Mathematik)" title="Glätten (Mathematik)">Glättung</a> von Zeit- bzw. Datenreihen. Die Glättung erfolgt durch das Entfernen höherer Frequenzanteile. Im Ergebnis wird eine neue Datenpunktmenge erstellt, die aus den <a href="Mittelwert" title="Mittelwert">Mittelwerten</a> gleich großer Untermengen der ursprünglichen Datenpunktmenge besteht. In der <a href="Signaltheorie" title="Signaltheorie">Signaltheorie</a> wird der gleitende Durchschnitt als <a href="Tiefpass" title="Tiefpass">Tiefpassfilter</a> mit <a href="Filter_mit_endlicher_Impulsantwort" title="Filter mit endlicher Impulsantwort">endlicher Impulsantwort</a> (FIR-Tiefpass) beschrieben. In der gleichgewichteten Form stellt der gleitende Durchschnitt das einfachste FIR-Tiefpassfilter dar.
</p><p>Anwendung findet der gleitende Durchschnitt beispielsweise bei der <a href="Zeitreihenanalyse" title="Zeitreihenanalyse">Analyse von Zeitreihen</a>. Die gleichgewichtete Variante entspricht der <a href="Faltung_(Mathematik)" title="Faltung (Mathematik)">Faltung</a> mit einer <a href="Rechteckfunktion" title="Rechteckfunktion">Rechteckfunktion</a> und führt zu einer Reihe von Problemen, denen beispielsweise mit speziellen <a href="Fensterfunktion" title="Fensterfunktion">Gewichtungen</a> entgegengewirkt werden kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prinzipielles_Vorgehen">Prinzipielles Vorgehen</h2></div>
<p>Die Menge der gleitenden Durchschnitte wird iterativ („gleitend“) über einen Ausschnitt, das „Fenster“, eines gegebenen <a href="Signal#Messtechnik" title="Signal">Signals</a> berechnet. Das verwendete Fenster wird überlappend verschoben, d. h., wiederholt wird der letzte Wert aus dem betrachteten Ausschnitt gestrichen, der erste Wert nach dem Ausschnitt hinzugenommen und ein neuer Mittelwert berechnet. Für die Berechnung des Mittelwerts können die im Fenster vorkommenden Werte anschließend beliebig gewichtet werden.
</p><p>Die Ergebnismenge der Mittelwerte ist für sich genommen unabhängig. Häufig wird sie jedoch in den Zusammenhang mit einer Position der Eingabemenge gebracht, die „hot spot“ genannt wird. Der hot spot kann im Bereich des Fensters liegen, muss es aber nicht. Bei Zeitreihen wird häufig der letzte Zeitpunkt als hot spot verwendet; in anderen Anwendungsfällen sind zentrierte Abbildungen üblich.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einfacher_gleitender_Durchschnitt">Einfacher gleitender Durchschnitt</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berechnung_und_Zentrierung_der_Berechnung">Berechnung und Zentrierung der Berechnung</h3></div>
<p>Der einfache gleitende Durchschnitt (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><i>simple moving average</i> (SMA)</span>) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ter Ordnung einer diskreten Zeitreihe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Folge der <a href="Arithmetischer_Mittelwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetischer Mittelwert">arithmetischen Mittelwerte</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> aufeinanderfolgenden Datenpunkten. Da es sich um eine Zeitreihe handelt, liegt der <i>hot spot</i> auf dem letzten Zeitpunkt. Die nachfolgenden Ausführungen beziehen sich auf diesen Sonderfall.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(n)}(t)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}x(t-i)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>MA</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
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<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(n)}(t)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}x(t-i)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b82918f9ce10f35316850295c232af8d5b71d86.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:24.741ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(n)}(t)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}x(t-i)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In Analogie zu Filtern mit endlicher Impulsantwort wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n+1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a135e65a42f2d73cccbfc4569523996ca0036f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n+1}" loading="lazy"></span> auch <i>Ordnung</i> genannt.
</p><p>Solch ein gleitender Durchschnitt hat eine Verzögerung (<a href="Gruppenlaufzeit" title="Gruppenlaufzeit">Gruppenlaufzeit</a>) von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {n-1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {n-1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/017a6139d8833c23e6ebe013efb2b06ef1e57a8a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.534ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {n-1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, d. h. die gemittelten Werte „hinken“ um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> Zeiteinheiten hinterher.
</p><p>Diese Verzögerung kann korrigiert werden, indem man den gleitenden Durchschnitt um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> verschiebt. Dies ist der sogenannte <i>zentrierte Durchschnitt</i>. Dann sind jedoch keine Werte mehr für die ersten und letzten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> Zeiteinheiten vorhanden. Ohne den Einsatz eines dynamischen Fensters kann diese Lücke nur geschlossen oder zumindest verkleinert werden, indem man eine geringere Ordnung, andere Gewichtungen oder einen <a href="Sch%C3%A4tzfunktion" title="Schätzfunktion">Schätzer</a> verwendet.
</p><p>Der zentrierte einfache gleitende Durchschnitt der Ordnung 3 ist also durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(3)}(t)={\frac {1}{3}}{\Big (}x(t-2)+x(t-1)+x(t){\Big )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>MA</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mn>3</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(3)}(t)={\frac {1}{3}}{\Big (}x(t-2)+x(t-1)+x(t){\Big )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3892e3c904c89ac06644798cc522d95eb5d8e69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:41.156ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(3)}(t)={\frac {1}{3}}{\Big (}x(t-2)+x(t-1)+x(t){\Big )}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben.
</p><p>Ein Beispiel für die Verwendung von derartigen gleitenden Durchschnitten sind die 38- bzw. 200-Tage-Durchschnittswerte von <a href="B%C3%B6rsenkurs" title="Börsenkurs">Börsenkursen</a>, die den gleitenden Durchschnitt der <i>vergangenen</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Handelstag" title="Handelstag">Börsentage</a> eines <a href="Wertpapier" title="Wertpapier">Wertpapierkurses</a> beschreiben.
</p><p>Ein Gleitender-Mittelwert-Filter ist ein Tiefpass-Filter, jedoch werden einzelne Frequenzbereiche stärker oder schwächer gefiltert, und es kommt zu Signalverschiebungen (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><a href="Lag" title="Lag">Lags</a></span>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gleitender_Durchschnitt_mit_dynamischem_Fenster">Gleitender Durchschnitt mit dynamischem Fenster</h3></div>
<p>Der gleitende Durchschnitt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ter Ordnung einer diskreten Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |x(t)|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |x(t)|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46ac3b02089e631704d5741e70d4eb2959742e61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.272ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |x(t)|}" loading="lazy"></span> Elementen hat <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fbd0b0f32b28f51962943ee9ede4fb34198a2521.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-1}" loading="lazy"></span> Wertepaare weniger als die Gesamtmenge. Da sehr stark oszillierende Graphen eine entsprechend hohe Ordnung zur ausreichenden Glättung der Ergebnismenge benötigen, kann dieser Effekt einen spürbaren Einfluss auf die Darstellung haben. Die resultierende Trendlinie liegt dann bei nicht zentriertem einfachen gleitenden Durchschnitt verstärkt versetzt und gibt somit eine zunehmend schlechtere Abstraktion der Originaldaten wieder.
</p><p>Bei einer diskreten Menge kann der Versetzungseffekt durch die Verwendung eines dynamischen Mittelwertfensters vermieden werden. Bei diesem Verfahren wird jeder Mittelwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(n)}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>MA</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(n)}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d6225f19aae936a2bb45dafb16aac89d5325740.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.661ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(n)}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> aus den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Parametern <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t-i)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t-i)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8927eb390b5a3810cb86437c2ff896c3216d646.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.621ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t-i)}" loading="lazy"></span> bis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t+j)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t+j)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcfe4307dc2970019685b2a9b19acc0dee798721.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.777ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t+j)}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnet. Die Fensterränder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2f461e54f5c093e92a55547b9764291390f0b5d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:0.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j}" loading="lazy"></span> leiten sich aus der jeweiligen relativen Position <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\text{rel}}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\text{rel}}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e104a0955add9df300eb93dd11b5961bb39857f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.972ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\text{rel}}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> ab, mit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\text{rel}}(t)={\Big \lceil }{\frac {p_{\text{abs}}(t)}{|x(t)|}}\cdot n{\Big \rceil }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">⌈</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>abs</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">⌉</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\text{rel}}(t)={\Big \lceil }{\frac {p_{\text{abs}}(t)}{|x(t)|}}\cdot n{\Big \rceil }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b1636d9591c0e5b1ddf2306f178fd6ab35fc872.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:21.87ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\text{rel}}(t)={\Big \lceil }{\frac {p_{\text{abs}}(t)}{|x(t)|}}\cdot n{\Big \rceil }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\text{abs}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>abs</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\text{abs}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32663b304a03f4ed213250c3bccd60e2cc988cec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:3.875ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\text{abs}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dabei die (absolute) Position von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das mit Hilfe von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=p_{\text{rel}}-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=p_{\text{rel}}-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d7ec7076d24560f65eec00a9235b6b28bb8a472.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.137ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=p_{\text{rel}}-1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle j=n-p_{\text{rel}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle j=n-p_{\text{rel}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4f4285d47c4ee8d4a0234d337c7f02dbce9a57b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.027ex; width:11.552ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle j=n-p_{\text{rel}}}" loading="lazy"></span> definierte dynamische Fenster zur Bildung der Mittelwerte deckt die volle Breite des ursprünglichen Graphen ab und abstrahiert die Originaldaten von Rundungsfehlern abgesehen versetzungsfrei. Geometrisch wird die <a href="Teilverh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Teilverhältnis">Position</a> des Elements in der Gesamtmenge auf die Position des Elements in der Auswahlmenge abgebildet. Randelemente landen im entsprechenden Rand, das zentrale Element der Gesamtmenge liegt auch im Auswahlintervall mittig. Je mittiger das Element umso geringer der Versatz.
</p>
<p><b>Beispiel</b>
</p><p>Das Wachstum der volkswirtschaftlichen <a href="Produktivit%C3%A4t" title="Produktivität">Produktivität</a> zwischen 1891 und 2012 schwankt sehr stark. Der Graph gebildet aus dem gleitenden Mittelwert der Ordnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=25}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=25}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db9e92b1dc31766c26e51112b7077a3b57a40e75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.818ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=25}" loading="lazy"></span> glättet diese Kurve gut (rote Linie).
</p><p><b>Berechnungsbeispiel für den ersten möglichen Wert von 1915</b>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(1915)={\frac {1}{n}}\cdot {\Big (}x(t-24)+\ldots +x(t){\Big )}={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1891)+\ldots +x(1915){\Big )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>MA</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1915</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>25</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1891</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1915</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(1915)={\frac {1}{n}}\cdot {\Big (}x(t-24)+\ldots +x(t){\Big )}={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1891)+\ldots +x(1915){\Big )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/018fe27b983d8bb07ca065319c7a477eddc83809.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:77.661ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(1915)={\frac {1}{n}}\cdot {\Big (}x(t-24)+\ldots +x(t){\Big )}={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1891)+\ldots +x(1915){\Big )}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die geglättete Kurve ist eine zwar aussagekräftige, aber deutlich versetzte Trendlinie. Zudem gehen dabei gut 20 % der Wertepaare verloren. Mit Hilfe eines dynamischen Fensters lassen sich die Werte über die gesamte Breite von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnen. Das Ergebnis ist eine besonders im Inneren des Untersuchungszeitraums kaum versetzte Trendlinie (blaue Linie).
</p><p><b>Berechnungsbeispiel für 1891, 1915 und 2012</b>
</p><p>Die Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> hat 122 Elemente: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |x(t)|=122}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>122</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |x(t)|=122}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02a09018bbc702582bb1a58ec3555be753c65b90.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.858ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |x(t)|=122}" loading="lazy"></span>, 1891 ist der Zeitindex des ersten Elements <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\text{abs}}(1891)=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>abs</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1891</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\text{abs}}(1891)=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e631f60c1e0b344e1a7c81550bd80ce1b4d3450a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:14.595ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\text{abs}}(1891)=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=25}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=25}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db9e92b1dc31766c26e51112b7077a3b57a40e75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.818ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=25}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Damit folgen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\text{rel}}(1891)={\Big \lceil }{\frac {1}{122}}\cdot 25{\Big \rceil }=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1891</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">⌈</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>122</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>25</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">⌉</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\text{rel}}(1891)={\Big \lceil }{\frac {1}{122}}\cdot 25{\Big \rceil }=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad748ed0c10d5b103d254b5318a5a07a16678a04.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:27.924ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\text{rel}}(1891)={\Big \lceil }{\frac {1}{122}}\cdot 25{\Big \rceil }=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i=0,j=24}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i=0,j=24}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b8ca45b4ad0df0acf590e8ad1ff1ec627847c5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i=0,j=24}" loading="lazy"></span> und es wird das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(1891-0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1891</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(1891-0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e510ec9420937bd55cac19f9ea046d55058d3e28.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.792ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(1891-0)}" loading="lazy"></span> bis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(1891+24)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1891</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>24</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(1891+24)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f30fe3d98a252b67300e309e515105c20f09a2af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.954ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(1891+24)}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet (die anderen Werte analog).
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(1891)&={\frac {1}{n}}\cdot {\Big (}x(t-p_{\text{rel}}+1)+\ldots +x(t)+\ldots +x(t+n-p_{\text{rel}}){\Big )}\\&={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1891)+\ldots +x(1915){\Big )}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>MA</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1891</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>25</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1891</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1915</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(1891)&={\frac {1}{n}}\cdot {\Big (}x(t-p_{\text{rel}}+1)+\ldots +x(t)+\ldots +x(t+n-p_{\text{rel}}){\Big )}\\&={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1891)+\ldots +x(1915){\Big )}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f439e3ed87c84ba10d37616473b9fd42d390443d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.523ex; margin-bottom: -0.315ex; width:71.32ex; height:10.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(1891)&={\frac {1}{n}}\cdot {\Big (}x(t-p_{\text{rel}}+1)+\ldots +x(t)+\ldots +x(t+n-p_{\text{rel}}){\Big )}\\&={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1891)+\ldots +x(1915){\Big )}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(1915)={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1911)+\ldots +x(1935){\Big )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>MA</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1915</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>25</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1911</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1935</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(1915)={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1911)+\ldots +x(1935){\Big )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00fbcde5faa00403ad0ace76da40a12c853b281d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:46.351ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(1915)={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1911)+\ldots +x(1935){\Big )}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(2012)={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1988)+\ldots +x(2012){\Big )}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>MA</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>25</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2012</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>25</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1988</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2012</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(2012)={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1988)+\ldots +x(2012){\Big )}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7bcaccdebb9c85135fbe19985fd442f9a3f6b241.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:46.351ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{MA}}^{(25)}(2012)={\frac {1}{25}}\cdot {\Big (}x(1988)+\ldots +x(2012){\Big )}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online-Berechnung">Online-Berechnung</h3></div>
<p>Durch die Überlappung bei der Berechnung des gleitenden Mittels für zwei aufeinanderfolgende Punkte wird die Summe für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fbd0b0f32b28f51962943ee9ede4fb34198a2521.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n-1}" loading="lazy"></span> Punkte doppelt berechnet. Um diesen <a href="Redundanz_(Informationstheorie)" title="Redundanz (Informationstheorie)">redundanten</a> Aufwand zu reduzieren, existiert ein Online-<a href="Algorithmus" title="Algorithmus">Algorithmus</a>, der mit nur zwei Additionen und Multiplikationen pro Mittelwert auskommt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m^{(n)}(t)&={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x(t-n+i)\\&={\frac {1}{n}}{\Big (}\underbrace {x(t-n)-x(t-n)} _{=0}+\underbrace {x(t-n+1)+x(t-n+2)+\dots +x(t)} _{\sum _{i=1}^{n}x(t-n+i)}{\Big )}\\&=\underbrace {{\frac {1}{n}}{\Big (}x(t-n)+x(t-n+1)+x(t-n+2)+\dots +x(t-1){\Big )}} _{=m^{(n)}(t-1)}-{\frac {x(t-n)}{n}}+{\frac {x(t)}{n}}\\&=m^{(n)}(t-1)+{\frac {x(t)}{n}}-{\frac {x(t-n)}{n}}\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
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<mi>m</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="1.623em" minsize="1.623em">(</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mfrac>
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<mi>n</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
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<mo>+</mo>
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<mfrac>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mtd></mtd>
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<mi></mi>
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<msup>
<mi>m</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m^{(n)}(t)&={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x(t-n+i)\\&={\frac {1}{n}}{\Big (}\underbrace {x(t-n)-x(t-n)} _{=0}+\underbrace {x(t-n+1)+x(t-n+2)+\dots +x(t)} _{\sum _{i=1}^{n}x(t-n+i)}{\Big )}\\&=\underbrace {{\frac {1}{n}}{\Big (}x(t-n)+x(t-n+1)+x(t-n+2)+\dots +x(t-1){\Big )}} _{=m^{(n)}(t-1)}-{\frac {x(t-n)}{n}}+{\frac {x(t)}{n}}\\&=m^{(n)}(t-1)+{\frac {x(t)}{n}}-{\frac {x(t-n)}{n}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08282509ea9e0201892d3e16490cf0a26aa764d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -15.171ex; width:90.302ex; height:31.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}m^{(n)}(t)&={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}x(t-n+i)\\&={\frac {1}{n}}{\Big (}\underbrace {x(t-n)-x(t-n)} _{=0}+\underbrace {x(t-n+1)+x(t-n+2)+\dots +x(t)} _{\sum _{i=1}^{n}x(t-n+i)}{\Big )}\\&=\underbrace {{\frac {1}{n}}{\Big (}x(t-n)+x(t-n+1)+x(t-n+2)+\dots +x(t-1){\Big )}} _{=m^{(n)}(t-1)}-{\frac {x(t-n)}{n}}+{\frac {x(t)}{n}}\\&=m^{(n)}(t-1)+{\frac {x(t)}{n}}-{\frac {x(t-n)}{n}}\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewichteter_gleitender_Durchschnitt">Gewichteter gleitender Durchschnitt</h2></div>
<p>Der gewichtete gleitende Durchschnitt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea26578dd72bf4dbc3fa391c9feb11eed495699b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.689ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Ordnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> einer Zeitreihe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d54c275db3a1e620737b58e143b0818107fa5f5c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist – analog zum <a href="Filter_mit_endlicher_Impulsantwort" title="Filter mit endlicher Impulsantwort">Filter mit endlicher Impulsantwort</a> – definiert als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{x}^{(n)}(t-\tau )=\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}w_{i}\cdot x(t-i)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{x}^{(n)}(t-\tau )=\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}w_{i}\cdot x(t-i)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d250b2882babc732e18f3fd4fdf580696d9789e2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:29.834ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{x}^{(n)}(t-\tau )=\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}w_{i}\cdot x(t-i)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei stellt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe22f0329d3ecb2e1880d44d191aba0e5475db68.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.464ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Gewichtung der jeweiligen Datenpunkte dar (äquivalent zur Impulsantwort des Filters). Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau >0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau >0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18720915c5f7ddaefe394e4a0e1012aac186e77f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.463ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau >0}" loading="lazy"></span>, ist das Filter nicht kausal, sondern berücksichtigt zukünftige Werte bei der Durchschnittsbildung.
Die Summe über alle Gewichte muss 1 ergeben, da sonst noch eine Verstärkung (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i=0}^{n-1}w_{i}>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
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<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
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<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i=0}^{n-1}w_{i}>1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/597282fe7302da9bc7e484871cf170d0b7150e0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.885ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i=0}^{n-1}w_{i}>1}" loading="lazy"></span>) oder Dämpfung (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i=0}^{n-1}w_{i}<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
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<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i=0}^{n-1}w_{i}<1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61ac909dfd737189227e1329e8691f2b8b216a21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.885ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \sum _{i=0}^{n-1}w_{i}<1}" loading="lazy"></span>) hinzukommt.
</p><p>Ein Beispiel ist das zentrierte Binomialfilter dritter Ordnung mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{0}={\tfrac {1}{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{0}={\tfrac {1}{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a5605342cee6e13643bd404b28a831d4517e8d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:7.475ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{0}={\tfrac {1}{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{1}={\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{1}={\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3a7467a5271f725935a6af7c58509dbf39c0621f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:7.475ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{1}={\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{2}={\tfrac {1}{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{2}={\tfrac {1}{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2da671d68e212bacc0d2e7d30cbb62c197b75b94.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:7.475ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{2}={\tfrac {1}{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/09aa2ba1b4b1809118fad1db5ba531df32d6878f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.463ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =1}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{BIN}}(t-1)={\frac {1}{4}}x(t)+{\frac {1}{2}}x(t-1)+{\frac {1}{4}}x(t-2)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>BIN</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{BIN}}(t-1)={\frac {1}{4}}x(t)+{\frac {1}{2}}x(t-1)+{\frac {1}{4}}x(t-2)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb171fded7d08a81d45f5243cc8a9278dad06f7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:46.631ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{BIN}}(t-1)={\frac {1}{4}}x(t)+{\frac {1}{2}}x(t-1)+{\frac {1}{4}}x(t-2)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zentrierter_gleitender_Durchschnitt_mit_spektralen_Eigenschaften">Zentrierter gleitender Durchschnitt mit spektralen Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Bildet man den zentrierten gleitenden Durchschnitt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ter Ordnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}^{(n)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}^{(n)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52c1b13b609a9744981d05f539172f3dd40bc1ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.478ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}^{(n)}}" loading="lazy"></span> einer <a href="Schwach_station%C3%A4rer_Prozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwach stationärer Prozess">schwach stationären</a> Zeitreihe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82120d04dfb3cbadc4912951dd12b5568c9cd8f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.75ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <a href="Spektraldarstellung_station%C3%A4rer_stochastischer_Prozesse#Spektraldichte" title="Spektraldarstellung stationärer stochastischer Prozesse">Spektraldichte</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{X}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{X}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17fd6605a04f97c6bedb0a9632f9f023cb18dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.772ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{X}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann hat <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}^{(n)}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}^{(n)}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52c1b13b609a9744981d05f539172f3dd40bc1ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.478ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\bar {X}}^{(n)}}" loading="lazy"></span> die gefilterte Spektraldichte
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi (\omega )|^{2}\cdot f_{X}(\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi (\omega )|^{2}\cdot f_{X}(\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10dd70b75f855354ca7a12ae287fcd21adf53640.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.829ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi (\omega )|^{2}\cdot f_{X}(\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der <a href="%C3%9Cbertragungsfunktion" title="Übertragungsfunktion">Übertragungsfunktion</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\varphi (\omega )|^{2}:={\frac {2\pi }{n}}k_{n}(\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\varphi (\omega )|^{2}:={\frac {2\pi }{n}}k_{n}(\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e22426dfe434deb2f3f95b5ee3a7ba86ad230d03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.884ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\varphi (\omega )|^{2}:={\frac {2\pi }{n}}k_{n}(\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2dba2ee083d2e61b725a372bd6598bcc52732007.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.43ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> den <a href="Fej%C3%A9r-Kern" class="mw-redirect" title="Fejér-Kern">Fejér-Kern</a> bezeichnet. An der grafischen Darstellung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c5a5a42ced00df920fad4ab2d4acdb960a4105b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=3}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Übertragungsfunktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (\omega )_{{\text{MA}}_{3}}=(1+2\cos(\omega ))/3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>MA</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (\omega )_{{\text{MA}}_{3}}=(1+2\cos(\omega ))/3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da21b18f0aa0374f36e58a342481087708b05baa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.73ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (\omega )_{{\text{MA}}_{3}}=(1+2\cos(\omega ))/3}" loading="lazy"></span> kann man die Tiefpass-Eigenschaft erkennen: Frequenzen nahe 0 werden nicht gedämpft. Andererseits zeigt dieses einfache Filter das übliche <a href="Sinc-Funktion" title="Sinc-Funktion">Antwortverhalten bei der Faltung mit einem Rechtecksignal</a>. Bei einer Filterbreite von 3 werden die Frequenzen bis zum Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega ={\tfrac {2}{3}}\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega ={\tfrac {2}{3}}\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/744246e634e1c3f8fe1fe8c847c38128c86ce964.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:7.534ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega ={\tfrac {2}{3}}\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> zunehmend bis zur vollständigen Unterdrückung gedämpft. Frequenzen, die über diesen Punkt hinaus vorhanden sind, werden nicht etwa auch unterdrückt, sondern treten mit invertierter Phase auf.
</p><p>Das kleinste <a href="Gau%C3%9F-Filter" title="Gauß-Filter">Binomialfilter</a> mit ungerader Breite und mit den Gewichten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4825cd2a1ca51dfc4d53042434f6d3733370a57f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edef8290613648790a8ac1a95c2fb7c3972aea2f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4825cd2a1ca51dfc4d53042434f6d3733370a57f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:1.658ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein Tiefpass-Filter mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi (\omega )_{{\text{BIN}}_{3}}=(1+\cos(\omega ))/2\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>BIN</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi (\omega )_{{\text{BIN}}_{3}}=(1+\cos(\omega ))/2\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c1bb39aca7deba825c3c10b93ab0b682467a993.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.692ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi (\omega )_{{\text{BIN}}_{3}}=(1+\cos(\omega ))/2\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle Frequenzen. Es dämpft die Frequenzen bis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega =\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega =\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bc7ee8e6e1ecf27c26d89041b303fe97cc40ff14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.876ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega =\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> zunehmend und mit konstanter <a href="Phasenverschiebung" title="Phasenverschiebung">Phasenverschiebung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linear_gewichteter_gleitender_Durchschnitt">Linear gewichteter gleitender Durchschnitt</h2></div>
<p>Ein linear gewichteter gleitender Durchschnitt (engl.: <i>linear weighted moving average</i> (LWMA, meist: WMA)) ordnet den Datenpunkten linear aufsteigende <a href="Gewichtung" title="Gewichtung">Gewichte</a> zu, d. h. je weiter die Werte in der Vergangenheit liegen, desto geringer ist ihr Einfluss:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {2i}{n(n+1)}}\quad \forall i=1,\dots ,n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {2i}{n(n+1)}}\quad \forall i=1,\dots ,n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0716c0b4129ff041abe892ab95b3eefca868419.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:30.251ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {2i}{n(n+1)}}\quad \forall i=1,\dots ,n}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{LWMA}}^{(n)}(t)={\frac {2}{n(n+1)}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}i\cdot x(t-n+i)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>LWMA</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{LWMA}}^{(n)}(t)={\frac {2}{n(n+1)}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}i\cdot x(t-n+i)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48c67f1e44421e2ad6d96becd5a739aeba1116cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:41.381ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{LWMA}}^{(n)}(t)={\frac {2}{n(n+1)}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}i\cdot x(t-n+i)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exponentiell_geglätteter_Durchschnitt"><span id="Exponentiell_gegl.C3.A4tteter_Durchschnitt"></span>Exponentiell geglätteter Durchschnitt</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Exponentielle_Gl%C3%A4ttung" title="Exponentielle Glättung">Exponentielle Glättung</a></i></div>
<p>Der exponentiell geglättete Durchschnitt ordnet den Datenpunkten einer Zeitreihe exponentiell abnehmende Gewichte zu. Somit werden auch hier jüngere Datenpunkte stärker gewichtet als weiter zurückliegende, jedoch noch stärker als beim gewichteten gleitenden Durchschnitt.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{\text{EMA}}^{(n)}(t)=\alpha \cdot x(t)+(1-\alpha )\cdot m_{\text{EMA}}^{(n)}(t-1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>EMA</mtext>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>EMA</mtext>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{\text{EMA}}^{(n)}(t)=\alpha \cdot x(t)+(1-\alpha )\cdot m_{\text{EMA}}^{(n)}(t-1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8121c56476a2edaabca909e6646f649c2ce28df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.626ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{\text{EMA}}^{(n)}(t)=\alpha \cdot x(t)+(1-\alpha )\cdot m_{\text{EMA}}^{(n)}(t-1)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da der exponentielle Durchschnitt nicht nur Werte aus der Zeitreihe, sondern auch vorangegangene Mittelwerte miteinbezieht, stellt er ein <a href="Filter_mit_unendlicher_Impulsantwort" title="Filter mit unendlicher Impulsantwort">Filter mit unendlicher Impulsantwort</a> dar. Ein entscheidender Vorteil ist seine wesentlich kürzere Verzögerung bei gleicher Glättung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exponentiell_gewichteter_geglätteter_Durchschnitt"><span id="Exponentiell_gewichteter_gegl.C3.A4tteter_Durchschnitt"></span>Exponentiell gewichteter geglätteter Durchschnitt</h2></div>
<p>Der exponentiell gewichtete geglättete Durchschnitt (EMWA) ist eine Verallgemeinerung des exponentiell geglätteten Durchschnitts, wobei Gewichte eingeführt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="ARMA-Modell" title="ARMA-Modell">ARMA-Modell</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>John G. Proakis, Dimitris G. Manolakis: <i>Digital Signal Processing.</i> 4. Auflage. Prentice Hall, 2007, ISBN 978-0-13-187374-2.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikibooks"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Statistik:_Gl%C3%A4ttungsverfahren" class="extiw external" title="b:Statistik: Glättungsverfahren">Wikibooks: Gleitende Durchschnitte</a></b> – Lern- und Lehrmaterialien</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jens-Peter Kreiß, Georg Neuhaus: <i>Einführung in die Zeitreihenanalyse.</i> Springer, 2006, ISBN 3-540-25628-8.</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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